Distrés psicológico en estudiantes de enfermería: relación con tiempo de pantalla, dieta y actividad física / Psychological distress in nursing students: relationship with screen time, diet and physical activity / Sofrimento psicológico em estudantes de enfermagem: relação com tempo de tela, alimentação e atividade física

Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, al igual que su asociación con el tiempo de pantalla, la dieta y la actividad física, en una cohorte de estudiantes de enfermería. Método: estudio descriptivo y transversal sobre una muestra de 648 estudiantes de enfermería. Se utilizaron la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, la versión corta del International Physical Activity Questionnaire y el Índice de Alimentación Saludable español. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para analizar la asociación entre los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión, y el tiempo de pantalla, la dieta y la actividad física. Resultados: la prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión fue de 24,1% y 3,7%, respectivamente. El tiempo de pantalla prolongado (>6 horas por día), baja actividad física y dieta inadecuada se asociaron de manera independiente y significativa con una mayor sintomatología psicológica. Conclusión: la salud mental de los estudiantes de enfermería podría beneficiarse de implementarse iniciativas que promuevan estilos de vida saludables.

Objective: to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as their association with screen time, diet and physical activity, in a cohort comprised by nursing students. Method: a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 648 Nursing students. The instruments used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Spanish Healthy Eating Index (Índice de Alimentación Saludable Español, IASE). Different multiple linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between anxiety/depression symptoms and screen time, diet and physical activity. Results: the prevalence values for anxiety and depression symptoms were 24.1% and 3.7%, respectively. Prolonged screen times (>6 hours a day), low levels of physical activity and inadequate diet were independently and significantly associated with deeper psychological symptoms. Conclusion: Nursing students' mental health might benefit from the implementation of initiatives promoting healthy lifestyles.

Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e sua associação com tempo de tela, dieta e atividade física em uma coorte de estudantes de enfermagem. Método: estudo descritivo transversal com amostra de 648 estudantes de enfermagem. Utilizou-se a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, a versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire e o Índice Espanhol de Alimentação Saudável. Foram realizados diferentes modelos de regressão linear múltipla para analisar a associação entre sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e tempo de tela, dieta e atividade física. Resultados: a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão foi de 24,1% e 3,7%, respectivamente. O tempo prolongado de tela (>6 horas por dia), a baixa atividade física e a dieta inadequada foram associados de forma independente e significativa ao aumento da sintomatologia psicológica. Conclusão: a saúde mental dos estudantes de enfermagem pode ser beneficiada com a implementação de iniciativas que promovam estilos de vida saudáveis.

Actividad física durante el embarazo y su relación con la ganancia de peso gestacional / Physical activity during pregnancy and its relationship with gestational weight gain / Atividade física durante a gestação e sua relação com o ganho de peso gestacional

Objetivo: describir los patrones de actividad física de una cohorte de gestantes de nuestro medio y explorar su asociación con la ganancia de peso en cada uno de los trimestres del embarazo. Método: estudio descriptivo longitudinal sobre una muestra de 151 mujeres. Se utilizó el Cuestionario Internacional de Actividad Física para evaluar la actividad física durante el embarazo en función del volumen, intensidad y ámbito de realización. Se llevaron a cabo diferentes modelos de regresión lineal múltiple para analizar la asociación entre actividad física y ganancia de peso gestacional. Resultados: la actividad física disminuyó durante el embarazo, tanto en tiempo como en intensidad. El índice de masa corporal pre-gestacional fue el principal factor asociado con una menor ganancia de peso a lo largo de todo el embarazo. La influencia de la actividad física sobre la ganancia de peso gestacional se limitó al tercer trimestre del embarazo en el que se observó una asociación inversa entre ambas variables. Conclusión: los resultados de este estudio muestran un importante descenso de la actividad física en la época del embarazo y sugieren una influencia limitada de ésta sobre la ganancia de peso gestacional.

Objective: to describe the physical activity patterns of a cohort comprised by pregnant women from our environment and to explore its association with weight gain in each of the trimesters of pregnancy. Methods: a descriptive and longitudinal study conducted with a sample of 151 women. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity during pregnancy based on volume, intensity and setting where it is performed. Different multiple linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between physical activity and gestational weight gain Results: physical activity decreased during pregnancy, both in terms of time and intensity. Pre-gestational Body Mass Index was the main factor associated with lower weight gain throughout pregnancy. The influence of physical activity on gestational weight gain was limited to the third trimester of pregnancy, where an inverse association was observed between both variables. Conclusion: the results of this study show an important reduction in physical activity during pregnancy and suggest that it exerts a limited influence on gestational weight gain

Objetivo: descrever os padrões de atividade física de uma coorte de gestantes em nosso meio e explorar sua associação com o ganho de peso em cada um dos trimestres de gestação. Método: estudo descritivo longitudinal com uma amostra de 151 mulheres. O Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física foi utilizado para avaliar a atividade física durante a gestação de acordo com o volume, intensidade e escopo do desempenho. Diferentes modelos de regressão linear múltipla foram utilizados para analisar a associação entre atividade física e ganho de peso gestacional. Resultados: a atividade física diminuiu durante a gestação, tanto em tempo quanto em intensidade. O índice de massa corporal pré-gestacional foi o principal fator associado ao menor ganho de peso ao longo da gestação. A influência da atividade física no ganho de peso gestacional limitou-se ao terceiro trimestre de gestação, no qual foi observada associação inversa entre ambas as variáveis. Conclusão: os resultados deste estudo mostram uma diminuição significativa da atividade física no momento da gravidez e sugerem uma influência limitada desta no ganho de peso gestacional.

Online multimodal rehabilitation programme to improve symptoms and quality of life for adults diagnosed with long COVID-19: a Randomised Clinical Trial protocol.

Background: Long COVID is a multisystemic condition which affects quality of life and implies a multidisciplinary treatment approach. There is still limited evidence on management techniques for this syndrome. "Telerehabilitation" could be an important tool when addressing the symptoms of this patients with the aim of increasing their quality of life. The purpose of this trial is to analyse the effectiveness of an online multimodal rehabilitation programme to improve the symptomatology of people with long COVID and their quality of life. Methods: A pragmatic randomised controlled trial will be performed with two parallel groups: (1) usual treatment by the primary care practitioner (Treatment as usual, TAU; control group) and (2) TAU plus the use of an online multimodal rehabilitation programme, including videoconferences and content published on a Moodle platform (intervention group). The data will be collected before and after the intervention. A follow-up will take place 3 months later. Discussion: There is still a lack of knowledge regarding the management of the symptoms of long COVID. This creates the need to add scientific evidence about the care of this disease, considering that multidisciplinary social and health teams can offer the necessary care so that these patients can recover their previous quality of life.Clinical trial registration: The protocol for this study was registered with the ISRCTN Registry [registration number: ISRCTN15414370] on 28 December 2022.

Psychological distress in nursing students: relationship with screen time, diet and physical activity. / Distrés psicológico en estudiantes de enfermería: relación con tiempo de pantalla, dieta y actividad física.

OBJECTIVE: to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as their association with screen time, diet and physical activity, in a cohort comprised by nursing students. METHOD: a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted with a sample of 648 Nursing students. The instruments used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Spanish Healthy Eating Index (Índice de Alimentación Saludable Español, IASE). Different multiple linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between anxiety/depression symptoms and screen time, diet and physical activity. RESULTS: the prevalence values for anxiety and depression symptoms were 24.1% and 3.7%, respectively. Prolonged screen times (>6 hours a day), low levels of physical activity and inadequate diet were independently and significantly associated with deeper psychological symptoms. CONCLUSION: Nursing students' mental health might benefit from the implementation of initiatives promoting healthy lifestyles.

Physical activity during pregnancy and its relationship with gestational weight gain. / Actividad física durante el embarazo y su relación con la ganancia de peso gestacional.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the physical activity patterns of a cohort comprised by pregnant women from our environment and to explore its association with weight gain in each of the trimesters of pregnancy. METHODS: a descriptive and longitudinal study conducted with a sample of 151 women. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to assess physical activity during pregnancy based on volume, intensity and setting where it is performed. Different multiple linear regression models were performed to analyze the association between physical activity and gestational weight gain. RESULTS: physical activity decreased during pregnancy, both in terms of time and intensity. Pre-gestational Body Mass Index was the main factor associated with lower weight gain throughout pregnancy. The influence of physical activity on gestational weight gain was limited to the third trimester of pregnancy, where an inverse association was observed between both variables. CONCLUSION: the results of this study show an important reduction in physical activity during pregnancy and suggest that it exerts a limited influence on gestational weight gain.

Perspectiva enfermera sobre el uso y manejo del óxido nítrico inhalado en unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos: una revisión de alcance / Nursing’s View Of The Use And Management Of Inhaled Nitric Oxide In Pediatric Intensive Care Units: A Scoping Review

Objetivo: El uso del óxido nítrico inhalado, para el tratamiento de la hipertensión pulmonar persistente en el recién nacido, representa un gran avance en los cuidados intensivos neonatales; sin embargo, es escasa la evidencia científica sobre su uso en otras patologías. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue revisar la evidencia científica disponible relacionada con el manejo y los cuidados de enfermería del uso del óxido nítrico inhalado en pacientes pediátricos ingresados en unidades de cuidados intensivos. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de alcance de la literatura usando las bases de datos de Medline, Web Of Science y SCOPUS. Las fechas de búsqueda fueron limitadas a estudios desde enero del año 2018 hasta abril de 2022. Conclusiones: En la actualidad, el óxido nítrico inhalado es una terapia hospitalaria de uso frecuente. Sin embargo, su utilidad en las unidades decuidados intensivos pediátricas sigue siendo controvertida. Es necesario generar un mayor contenido científico relacionado con los factores que pueden influiren la respuesta a esta terapia; así como, su influencia en el pronóstico de diferentes patologías. (AU)

Objective: The use of inhaled nitric oxide for the treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension in the newborn represents a great advance in neonatal intensive care; however, there is little scientific evidence on its use in other pathologies. The objective of this study was to review the available scientific evidence related to the management and nursing care of the use of inhaled nitric oxide in pediatric patients admitted to intensive care units. Methods: A scoping review of the literature was carried out using the Medline, Web Of Science and SCOPUS databases. The search dates were limited to studies from the year 2018 to April 2022. Conclusions: Currently, inhaled nitric oxide is a frequently used hospital therapy. However, its usefulness in pediatric intensive care units remains controversial. It is necessary to generate more scientific content related to the factors that can influence the response to this therapy, as well as its influence on the prognosis of different pathologies. (AU)

Health-related behaviors and symptoms of anxiety and depression in Spanish nursing students: an observational study.

Background: Symptoms of anxiety and depression are prevalent among young adults and are a significant public health issue. College students are at a higher risk of experiencing poor mental health than other young people due to several factors, including moving away from home, financial pressures, heavy workload, poor time management skills, competitivity, new processes of socialization and insufficient coping mechanisms, among others. In addition, nursing students' mental and physical health may also be affected by unhealthy lifestyle habits and health-related behaviors. Aim: To determine the prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety, and the association between these symptoms and health-related behaviors, in a population of Spanish student nurses. Methods: Cross-sectional study on a sample of 339 nursing students. We used the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short form, the Spanish Healthy Eating Index and an "ad hoc" questionnaire for sociodemographic variables. The association between psychological symptoms and health-related behaviors was analyzed through binary logistic regression models. Results: The prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety was 3.8% and 24.5%, respectively. Negative health-related behaviors were frequent, namely tobacco and alcohol consumption, suboptimal physical activity and diet. Moderate physical activity was associated with a lower probability of experiencing depressive symptoms. Symptoms of anxiety were related to a low level of physical activity, an unhealthy diet and alcohol consumption ≥2 times a week. Conclusion: Student nurses could benefit from the implementation of both physical and mental health promotion initiatives.

Effects of an online home-based exercise intervention on breast cancer survivors during COVID-19 lockdown: a feasibility study.

PURPOSE: The strict lockdown implemented due the COVID-19 pandemic is generating a great impact on wellbeing and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in people with cancer. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of an online home-based exercise intervention performed during a lockdown period analysing its effects on body composition, physical fitness, and HRQoL in breast cancer survivors. METHODS: Fifteen women with breast cancer receiving hormonal therapy (55.5 ± 6.7 years) were included in the study. The exercise intervention consisted of two weekly sessions of remotely supervised functional training (60 min per day) and two weekly sessions of unsupervised aerobic training (20-30 min/session; 60-85% of maximum heart rate) for a total of 16 weeks. DXA absorptiometry was used for the assessment of body composition. Functional assessment included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by Rockport walking test, upper and lower body strength (grip strength, arm curl test, and chair stand test), walking speed (brisk walking test), and agility (8-foot up-and-go test). The HRQoL was evaluated with the QLQ-BR23 questionnaire. The adherence to the intervention was measured as the percentage of online classes attended. RESULTS: Rate of adherence for the online exercise intervention was 90 ± 17%. The exercise intervention induced significant (p < 0.05) improvements in physical fitness: CRF (+ 9%), right arm and lower limb strength (+ 10% and + 18%, respectively) and lower limbs lean mass (+ 2% and + 3.5% for left and right leg, respectively). CONCLUSION: This feasibility study suggests that an online home-based exercise intervention during COVID-19 lockdown could improve physical fitness and body composition in breast cancer survivors even in a context of heightened concern for future health.

Development and Validation of a Mobile Application as an Adjuvant Treatment for People Diagnosed with Long COVID-19: Protocol for a Co-Creation Study of a Health Asset and an Analysis of Its Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the overall effectiveness and cost-efficiency of a mobile application (APP) as a community health asset (HA) with recommendations and recovery exercises created bearing in mind the main symptoms presented by patients in order to improve their quality of life, as well as other secondary variables, such as the number and severity of ongoing symptoms, physical and cognitive functions, affective state, and sleep quality. METHODS: The first step was to design and develop the technologic community resource, the APP, following the steps involved in the process of recommending health assets (RHA). After this, a protocol of a randomised clinical trial for analysing its effectiveness and cost-efficiency as a HA was developed. The participants will be assigned to: (1st) usual treatment by the primary care practitioner (TAU), as a control group; and (2nd) TAU + use of the APP as a HA and adjuvant treatment in their recovery + three motivational interviews (MI), as an interventional group. An evaluation will be carried out at baseline with further assessments three and six months following the end of the intervention. DISCUSSION: Although research and care for these patients are still in their initial stages, it is necessary to equip patients and health care practitioners with tools to assist in their recovery. Furthermore, enhanced motivation can be achieved through telerehabilitation (TR).

Nursing students' experience of learning cultural competence.

INTRODUCTION: European societies are rapidly becoming multicultural. Cultural diversity presents new challenges and opportunities to communities that receive immigrants and migrants, and highlights the need for culturally safe healthcare. Universities share a responsibility to build a fair and equitable society by integrating cultural content in the nursing curricula. This paper aims to analyze European student nurses´ experience of learning cultural competence and of working with patients from diverse cultural backgrounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A phenomenological approach was selected through a qualitative research method. 7 semi-structured focus groups with 5-7 students took place at the participants' respective universities in Spain, Belgium, Turkey and Portugal. RESULTS: 5 themes and 16 subthemes emerged from thematic analysis. Theme 1, concept of culture/cultural diversity, describes the participants' concept of culture; ethnocentricity emerged as a frequent element in the students' discourse. Theme 2, personal awareness, integrates the students' self-perception of cultural competence and their learning needs. Theme 3, impact of culture, delves on the participants' perceived impact of cultural on both nursing care and patient outcomes. Theme 4, learning cultural competence, integrates the participants' learning experiences as part of their nursing curricula, as part of other academic learning opportunities and as part of extra-academic activities. Theme 5, learning cultural competence during practice placements, addresses some important issues including witnessing unequal care, racism, prejudice and conflict, communication and language barriers, tools and resources and positive attitudes and behaviors witnesses or displayed during clinical practice. CONCLUSION: The participants' perceived level of cultural competence was variable. All the participants agreed that transcultural nursing content should be integrated in the nursing curricula, and suggested different strategies to improve their knowledge, skills and attitudes. It is important to listen to the students and take their opinion into account when designing cultural teaching and learning activities.

Obesidad, intervención escolar, actividad física y estilos de vida saludable en niños españoles / Obesity, School Intervention; Physical Activity and Healthy Lifestyles in Spanish Children

Introducción: El sobrepeso y la obesidad en la infancia y la adolescencia se han incrementado a nivel mundial durante las últimas décadas. Este hecho se asocia, principalmente, con la falta de actividad física, hábitos de vida y comportamientos alimenticios poco saludables. Objetivo: Analizar la efectividad de diferentes estudios de intervención escolar llevados a cabo en España para prevenir y tratar la obesidad en niños y niñas. Métodos: Se realizó una estrategia de búsqueda electrónica utilizando las bases de datos PubMed, Medline y SPORTdiscus y los términos school-based intervention, Spain, healthy lifestyle, obesity prevention, physical activity y nutrition childhood obesity y children obesity. Se identificaron 124 artículos y solo 11 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones realizadas por el entorno escolar no fueron eficaces o significativas para cambiar los indicadores antropométricos de los niños, niñas y adolescentes españoles. Sin embargo, las intervenciones escolares unidas a la implicación familiar, pueden ser eficaces para modificar cambios en los hábitos nutricionales, nivel de actividad física y hábitos de vida saludable en la etapa infantojuvenil, ya que son los principales determinantes de obesidad en la infancia. Por último, la consolidación de un adecuado estilo de vida en etapas tempranas puede prevenir la obesidad y sobrepeso en la adultez(AU)

Introduction: Overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence have increased worldwide in recent decades. This fact is associated mainly with a lack of physical activity, unhealthy lifestyle habits and eating behaviors. Objective: To analyze the effectiveness of different school intervention studies carried out in Spain to prevent and treat obesity in boys and girls. Methods: An electronic search strategy was carried out using the PubMed, Medline and SPORTdiscus databases, under the terms school-based intervention, Spain, healthy lifestyle, obesity prevention, physical activity, nutrition, childhood obesity and children obesity. 124 articles were identified and only 11 met the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: The interventions carried out by school were not effective or significant to change the anthropometric indicators of Spanish children and adolescents. However, school interventions, together with family involvement, can be effective in modifying changes in nutritional habits, level of physical activity and healthy lifestyle habits in the infant-juvenile stage, since they are the main determinants of obesity in childhood. Finally, establishing an adequate lifestyle early can prevent obesity and overweight in adulthood(AU)

Functional Frailty, Dietary Intake, and Risk of Malnutrition. Are Nutrients Involved in Muscle Synthesis the Key for Frailty Prevention?

Frailty is a reversible condition, which is strongly related to physical function and nutritional status. Different scales are used to screened older adults and their risk of being frail, however, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) may be more adequate than others to measure physical function in exercise interventions and has been less studied. Thus, the main aims of our study were: (1) to describe differences in nutritional intakes by SPPB groups (robust, pre-frail and frail); (2) to study the relationship between being at risk of malnourishment and frailty; and (3) to describe differences in nutrient intake between those at risk of malnourishment and those without risk in the no-frail individuals. One hundred one participants (80.4 ± 6.0 year old) were included in this cross-sectional study. A validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to determine food intake and Mini Nutritional Assessment to determine malnutrition. Results revealed differences for the intake of carbohydrates, n-3 fatty acids (n3), and saturated fatty acids for frail, pre-frail, and robust individuals and differences in vitamin D intake between frail and robust (all p < 0.05). Those at risk of malnutrition were approximately 8 times more likely to be frail than those with no risk. Significant differences in nutrient intake were found between those at risk of malnourishment and those without risk, specifically in: protein, PUFA n-3, retinol, ascorbic acid, niacin equivalents, folic acid, magnesium, and potassium, respectively. Moreover, differences in alcohol were also observed showing higher intake for those at risk of malnourishment (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, nutrients related to muscle metabolism showed to have different intakes across SPPB physical function groups. The intake of these specific nutrients related with risk of malnourishment need to be promoted in order to prevent frailty.

COVID-19: Short and Long-Term Effects of Hospitalization on Muscular Weakness in the Elderly.

The COVID-19 pandemic has recently been the cause of a global public health emergency. Frequently, elderly patients experience a marked loss of muscle mass and strength during hospitalization, resulting in a significant functional decline. This paper describes the impact of prolonged immobilization and current pharmacological treatments on muscular metabolism. In addition, the scientific evidence for an early strength intervention, neuromuscular electrical stimulation or the application of heat therapy during hospitalization to help prevent COVID-19 functional sequels is analyzed. This review remarks the need to: (1) determine which potential pharmacological interventions have a negative impact on muscle quality and quantity; (2) define a feasible and reliable pharmacological protocol to achieve a balance between desired and undesired medication effects in the treatment of this novel disease; (3) implement practical strategies to reduce muscle weakness during bed rest hospitalization and (4) develop a specific, early and safe protocol-based care of functional interventions for older adults affected by COVID-19 during and after hospitalization.

Objectively measured sedentary behaviour in overweight and obese prepubertal children: challenging the school.

Sedentary lifestyle is associated with unfavourable health outcomes; however, few studies have analysed the daily fluctuations of sedentary behaviour in children. The aim was to characterise sedentary behaviour in low active, overweight/obese prepubertal children and to examine whether there were daily, age- or gender-based differences. In this observational study free-living movement was measured by accelerometry for one week. Eighty-eight low active, overweight/obese children (8- to 12-year-olds) were included. Analysis was conducted for weekends, weekdays, school time and non-school time on weekdays. Participants spent half of their waking hours engaged in sedentary behaviour (48.1%). Short sedentary bouts (1-4 min) accounted for 86% of sedentary time. Sedentary time was similar on weekends and non-school time, while it was highest during school time. Interventions for the management of childhood obesity should include strategies for shifting sedentary time to physical activity on weekends and non-school time and implementing more activity-permissive classroom lessons.

The Teaching and Learning Cultural Competence in a Multicultural Environment (CCMEn) Model.

BACKGROUND: Within the European higher education context, students and lecturers are encouraged to engage in teaching and learning activities abroad. This frequently involves using a second language and being exposed to students and lecturers from culturally different backgrounds. OBJECTIVE: To design a model for teaching and learning cultural competence in a multicultural environment (CCMEn). DESIGN: Theory development from empirical experience, research, and scholarly works. METHOD: This model was developed based on our experience of teaching and learning cultural competence in a multicultural environment in a nursing education context; it rests on three pillars, namely, Coyle's Content and Language Integrated Learning educational approach, the concept of social and emotional learning, as defined by the Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning, and the existing literature surrounding teaching and learning cultural competence in higher education. RESULTS: The CCMEn model is intended to guide the process of teaching and learning cultural competence in a multicultural environment through the use of a second language and has been adapted from existing educational approaches and theory. CONCLUSION: Teaching and learning in multilingual and multicultural contexts in Europe is becoming more common. Students who learn alongside students and teachers from different cultural backgrounds need to be supported from an academic, linguistic and socioemotional perspective. We believe that the CCMEn model can serve as a guide to enhancing student learning in this context.

[Relation between educational level and body composition in non-institutionalized elderly: The elderly EXERNET multi-center study.] / Relación entre el nivel educativo y la composición corporal en personas mayores no institucionalizadas: proyecto multi-céntrico EXERNET.

OBJECTIVE: There is an inverse association between educational level and body composition; however this association has strongly focused in young and adults population. The aim of this study was to analyze the educational levels attained in overweight and obesity Spanish elderly and to investigate if there was a correlation between having a low educational level and the risk of having overweight, central obesity or excess fat mass during the aging process. METHODS: A representative sample of 2706 elderly (629 men and 2077 women; mean age of 72.1 ± 5.3 years) from Spain were assessed in the elderly EXERNET multi-center study between 2008 and 2009. Body composition was assessed in all subjects by bioelectrical impedance. ANCOVA was used to compare the averages between the groups. Logistic regression was used to calculate the association between educational level and the risk of having overweight, central fat or obesity. RESULTS: We observed significances between waist circumference and educational level in both sex (men 96.6 cm, women 86.3 cm); (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respective). There is an inverse association between the academic level, fat mass (29.5 kg) and percentage of body fat (40.8%) in women (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01, respectively). No differences were observed in men. CONCLUSIONS: low educational level increases the possibility of having overweight or obesity in women and to have an increased waist circumference in both sexes.

OBJETIVO: El nivel educacional se ha relacionado inversamente con la composición corporal, sin embargo esta asociación ha sido evidenciada mayoritariamente en población joven y adulta. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la relación entre la composición corporal de las personas mayores de 65 años y su nivel educativo, y determinar si tener un nivel educativo alto puede prevenir el riesgo de padecer sobrepeso, obesidad central o exceso de grasa durante la senectud. METODOS: El estudio se realizó entre los años 2008-2009, sobre una muestra representativa de personas mayores de España (2.706; 629 varones, 2.077 mujeres; edad media 72,1 ± 5,3 años), pertenecientes al Proyecto Multi-céntrico EXERNET. La composición corporal se evaluó mediante bio-impedancia eléctrica. Se utilizó ANCOVA para determinar las diferencias entre grupos. La asociación entre el nivel educativo y el riesgo de padecer sobrepeso, obesidad central o exceso de grasa se analizó mediante regresión logística. RESULTADOS: En el perímetro de cintura, los hombres y mujeres con mayor nivel de estudios presentaron 96,6 cm y 86,3 cm, respectivamente (pmenor de 0,05 y p menor de 0,01, respectivamente). Las mujeres con menor nivel de estudios presentaron 29,5 kg de masa grasa total y 40,8% de masa grasa (p menor de 0,05 y p menor de 0,01, respectivamente). Los varones no presentaron diferencias en estas mediciones. CONCLUSIONES: Poseer un bajo nivel de estudios aumenta las posibilidades de padecer sobrepeso y obesidad en las mujeres y de tener mayor perímetro de cintura en ambos sexos.